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The submarine hunts or submarine incidents were a series of several incidents involving foreign submarines that occurred in Swedish territorial waters during the Cold War. In this time, there was intensive debate and speculation in Swedish media about the possibility of Soviet submarine infiltration of Swedish territorial waters. However, later evidence points towards that most intrusions were done by NATO countries, possibly in a deception operation.〔Tunander 2004, p. 7〕 While there had been earlier incidents involving foreign submarines (as seen below), the incidents normally referred to in this context are those that followed the sensational stranding of the Soviet submarine ''U 137'' deep inside Swedish waters on October 27, 1981. The Swedish Navy responded aggressively to these perceived threats, increasing patrols in Swedish waters, mining and electronically monitoring passages, and repeatedly chasing and attacking suspected submarines with depth charge bombs, but no hits or casualties were ever recorded. Reports of new submarine sightings and television imagery of Swedish Navy helicopters firing depth charges into coastal waters against suspected intruders became commonplace in the mid-to-late 1980s. They remain, for many Swedes, one of the iconic images of the Cold War and of the Swedish relation to the Soviet Union—for some underlining what was considered a major threat to Swedish sovereignty, while for others illustrating the tense atmosphere of the time. However, the reports of these incidents are not uncontested, and an intensive debate emerged early on. This debate unfolded somewhat, but far from exclusively, along leftwing/rightwing lines, and became tied up with the larger issues of relations to Moscow and Swedish armed neutrality. The Soviet Union consistently denied that it was responsible for violating Swedish waters, and claimed that the ''U 137'' had only crossed the border because of navigational faults. Russia today maintains this stand. While the submarine sightings subsided with the fall of the Soviet Union, the debate about these events has reemerged sporadically. They have been the subject of a number of government investigations in Sweden, and continue to attract media attention. ==List of major reported incidents== ;1962: During a military exercise, a submarine is discovered by radar and hydrophone, north of Fårö at Gotland. It retreats only after repeated depth charge strikes. ;1-24 October 1966: At 0500 a submarine was reported being sighted in Gullmarsfjorden and warning shots were fired by nearby forces. Other sightings followed by warning shots were repeated during the following days. : After many days of continued search for submarines in the vicinity something suddenly happened. At October 24 at mid day a submarine turret conning tower was spotted outside the naval depot ÖGull, deep inside Gullmarsfjorden. Two fishing type mine sweepers from the mine sweeping division at Lysekil immediately went out and managed to establish sonar contact with an object standing still at 10 meters below surface. After having established the exact position of the underwater object, the minesweeper Hasslö was called in to fire warning shots at the location, while the other minesweepers kept contact with their sonar. Contact was lost briefly due to stirred up water and the sweeper's propeller wake. : After two hours since the first sighting one of the minesweepers managed to position itself on top of the located object. It then lowered a cable with a 100kg weight attached to confirm the existence of a solid underwater object. The wire slacked at a depth of 10m. As the sweeper moved forwards the weight was dragged on top of the object for a while and then fell down, stretching the wire as it did so. : Immediately after this, the other sweepers both noticed water turbulence, a possible sign of submarine propellers in motion. The sweeper Hasslö then dropped a depth charge 300m away from the echo location and soon after got a radar contact from an object having breached the surface and went down again. Another depth charge was dropped, this time on the exact target location. The echo now disappeared and was not found again despite the search going on through the night followed by helicopters joining in the morning. At dawn (now the 25th) Hasslö moved southwards and after a while its crew spotted a submarine periscope above the surface. The helicopter group was scrambled to the location, managed to establish contact with the submarine and attacked with depth charges. After that the contact with the submarine was lost. ;Autumn 1969: During a naval drill on the coast of Norrland, the Swedish submarine comes into contact with a foreign submarine in Swedish waters; it leaves the scene. ;1974: A submarine periscope is spotted by the Swedish Coast Guard near Kappelhamnsviken on Gotland. A destroyer is sent to the scene and establishes contact, at which point the foreign submarine leaves Swedish waters.〔 ;Autumn 1976: During a naval drill in the Stockholm Archipelago, a Soviet Type W submarine exposes itself by using radar, outside Swedish territorial waters. A Swedish submarine monitors the Soviet vessel entering Swedish waters, and records sounds from it. When Swedish submarine-hunting helicopters and destroyers arrive, it speeds out towards international waters and disappears. ;18 September to 6 October 1980: The Swedish Marine tugboat ''Ajax'' discovers the conning tower of a submarine outside Utö in the Stockholm Archipelago. Submarine hunting helicopters are dispatched to the scene, establish contact, and fire warning shots. The submarine does not leave the area, but attempts to avoid capture, and a prolonged submarine hunt began. This lasted for several weeks, during which time the submarine is repeatedly sighted.〔 ;October 27, 1981: The ''U 137'' incident. On the evening of October 28, 1981, a fisherman residing in the eastern part of the Karlskrona archipelago phoned in to the Swedish Coast Guard and reported that a submarine had run aground in Gåsefjärden, 30 km from the town centre of Karlskrona. Originally, it was not taken seriously because of its location, as Gåsefjärden is a very difficult terrain to navigate in, as well as being a "dead end". Nevertheless, the fisherman was right, and the vessel was found to be of Soviet origin. The grounded submarine generated intense media interest, and Swedish military forces were put on high alert following suspicions that the Soviet Union would try to recapture the vessel. After several rounds of interrogation, the conservative/Liberal government led by Thorbjörn Fälldin decided to release both the vessel and its crew. This marked the beginning of the "submarine hunts" (ubåtsjakter), as nicknamed by Swedish media. ; October 1–13, 1982: The Hårsfjärden incident. After a long period of submarine incidents, the Swedish Navy sets a trap by sealing off an area with mines and sensors. A foreign submarine is then recognized to have entered the trap, and the navy responds in force with major forces stationed nearby. A reported 44 depth charges and 4 naval mines are detonated, trying to sink the submarine, but it is later determined that it avoided the trap or fled at an early stage. This incident triggers the appointment of a parliamentary committee under the leadership of Sven Andersson, which—partly due to the efforts of Carl Bildt—blames the Soviet Union, thereby escalating tension with Moscow. Later research has cast doubt on many of the conclusions of the committee, with some of the sound recordings from the purported submarine now believed to have come from a civilian ship.〔http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=147&a=771372 〕 The entire incident is now hotly disputed, with some arguing the submarine may have been of NATO origin. ;May 4, 1983: A suspected submarine is reported in Törefjärden, North of Luleå, and mines are detonated. ; May 1983: Submarine hunt outside Sundsvall. Helicopters establish contact with a foreign submarine, but are unable to fire, reportedly because civilian journalists have entered the safety area. ;Summer 1983: Submarine hunt in Töreviken. ;August 1983: Submarine hunt in the harbor area of Karlskrona and in the adjoining archipelago. Depth charges are fired inside Karlskrona harbor. ;February 9–29, 1984: Another submarine hunt in Karlskrona. 22 depth charges are fired against a suspected submarine. ;Early summer 1986: A "mysterious object" is reported "diving into the water" in Klintehamnsviken on Gotland. The sea floor is examined, and double-track trace is discovered, allegedly from a submarine vehicle, extending 1100 meters. ;June 1987: Another submarine hunt in Törefjärden. ;Summer 1987: While examining the magnetic sensors of a minefield in Kappelshamnsviken on Gotland, the military discovers "clear traces on the bottom from a tracked submarine vehicle". ;Early summer 1988: A suspected foreign submarine is noticed in Hävringebukten outside Oxelösund. Submarine sounds and air venting is said to have been recorded. ;April 13, 2011: A possible foreign submarine is noticed in Baggensfjärden in Nacka. The Swedish Armed Forces' Naval Tactical intelligence service, MTS-M2 investigated the incident. Later it was confirmed that the object was really a raft frozen in moving ice. ;September 11, 2011: An eyewitness contacts the Swedish armed forces after seeing something outside the harbor of Gothenburg that possibly could have been a foreign submarine. The Swedish Navy deployed several surface warships in an attempt to locate the unknown object.〔http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/Aktuellt/centralanyheter/Marinen-undersoker-iakttagelser-i-Goteborgs-skargard/ 〕 ;October 17-24, 2014: A large military operation is launched to search for an allegedly damaged submarine in Kanholmsfjärden in the Stockholm archipelago. Encrypted transmissions sent on an emergency radio frequency used by Russian units were recorded. The sources of the transmissions were identified as a submarine and a military site in the Kaliningrad region.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/aktuellt/2014/10/bilder-fran-operationsomradet/ )〕 On 19 October the military said there had been three separate sightings and released a picture of the unidentified submarine to the public.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/siteassets/6-aktuellt/bild1.jpg )〕 There were also suggestions that the Russian Oil-tanker ''NS Concord'' was involved as a mother-ship for smaller underwater vehicles as it maintained a pattern of criss-crossing outside Stockholm during the investigation.〔(Search for foreign vessel continues off Stockholm ), ''The Local'', October 20, 2014.〕 A Russian research ship equipped with a submarine holding bay, ''R/V Professor Logachev'',〔:sv:R/V Professor Logatjev〕〔http://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/details/ships/273456410/vessel:PROFESSOR_LOGACHEV〕 was also in the area and turned off its location transponder. Several days later, the hunt was still on as officials were certain that foreign underwater operations were still ongoing. More than 100 sightings were now reported, said Supreme Commander Göransson. Paul Schwartz at Center for Strategic and International Studies, CSIS, said the photograph could be a Russian Lada-class submarine. Sources later said it was certainly at least one mini-submarine and that advanced image analysis "reveales part of a submarine superstructure with two masts behind it". In April 2015, Rear Admiral Anders Grenstad has told Swedish newspapers that the Armed Forces reported to the Swedish government that at least one of the reports of a suspected underwater vessel was in fact only a civilian “working boat,” but that the initial suspected vessel is still believed to be foreign. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Swedish submarine incidents」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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